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GOVERNOR WINTHROP'S FARM. 



A CHAPTER OF OLD BEDFORD HIST(3RY. 



By Abrani English Broto/i. 



IT was an early custom in the Colony 
of Massachusetts Bay to reward the 
labors of leading men by grants of 
the common lands. When John Win- 
throp, the "father of the colony" and 
"founder of Boston," arrived with his 
associates at Salem, there were thousands 
of acres extending inland from tide 
water, of which but little was known, 
save that they were inhabited by Indians 
and wild beasts. Samoset's " Welcome, 
Englishmen," confirmed by Massasoit, 
was the greeting which encouraged the 
Pilgrims to penetrate the wilderness about 
Plymouth, within sound of their own 



guns, which they had early planted on 
the brow of the hill. A company, in 
which were unprincipled men, had begun 
the settlement of Wassagusset, (Wey- 
mouth), and pushed inland far enough 
to arouse the animosity of the natives 
by injudicious treatment. The few set- 
tlers at Saugus (Lynn) and Mishawum 
(Charlestown) had been too much oc- 
cupied in their struggling settlements to 
peer far into the wilderness beyond them. 
John Endicott and his Puritan followers 
had scarcely time to establish homes for 
themselves at Naumkeag (Salem), when 
the " great immigration " took place, and 



32G 



GOVERNOR WINTER OP'S FARM. 



John Winthrop came as Governor, with 
Thomas Dudley as the Deputy. Five 
days after the arrival of these eminent 
men at Salem, the former records in his 
diary: "Thursday 17 (June) We went 
to Mattachusetts to find a place for our 
sitting down." 

This exploring journey between Salem 
and Charlestown was made on foot. 
While they doubtless kept within sight of 
the shore, they must have had an eye to 
the vast forests which covered the jilains 
and capped the hills toward the setting 
sun. As landed estates were the basis 
of wealth and influence in the mother 
country, it is reasonable to supjwse, and 
by subsequent actions of these men con- 
clude, that they were not so oblivious to 
self-interest as to pass these unexplored 
tracts without thinking of the possible 
wealth that lay beyond them. 

The years that immediately followed 
the temporary settlement at Charlestown, 



.\tlantic. It is difficult at this day to 
conceive of the burdens that were cheer- 
fully borne by John Winthrop during the 
formative period of the colony. At first 
there was so much unanimity among the 
peoi)le that the governor was elected by 
a "show of hands." But this harmony 
did not continue long ; differences of 
opinion arose among the freemen and 
found expression at the elections, and 
the office of chief executive alternated 
between Winthrop and Dudley, with an 
occasional change from both. John 
Winthrop was so thoroughly determined 
to establish a permanent colony and an 
independent church where they could 
"enjoy God and Jesus Christ" (as he 
wrote to his wife), that he graciously 
stepped from the leadership to minor 
positions, according to the caprices of 
the freemen, and labored always with an 
eye single to the prosperity of the enter- 
prise. 
















The Two Brothers. 



fj 



of Winthrop and his associates, and their 
permanent location at " Trimontaine " 
(Boston), were full of hard work and 
anxiety for all, but especially trying for 
the one who had been intrusted with the 
charter, during the voyage across the 



When the more important matters of 
government had been adjusted, and new 
settlements had been commenced beyond 
the limits of the Bay, the General Court 
took measures to explore the land in the 
vicinitv of the rivers and determine "as 



GOVERNOR IVJNTHROrS FARM. 






327 






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W/^jn/n'^i^-./. 



A Portion of the Deed of Conveyance of the Winthrop Farm, 



to its fitness for settlement." In 1635, a 
band of pioneers had purchased Musket- 
aquid (Concord) of the Indians, and 
begun a settlement there. In the follow- 
ing year, the records show that adventu- 
rers were looking toward the bordering 
lands of " Shawe Shin," "to see whether 
or not it may not be a fitt place for a 
plantacon." The open lands in the vicin- 
ity of the rivers and the adjacent high- 
lands were looked upon as particularly 
favorable locations for settlement, and 
that land lying between the Concord and 
Shawshine Rivers seems to have been 
sought for by more than one. 

It appears that the court was desirous 
of rewarding Winthrop and his associate, 
Thomas Dudley, for their long and faith- 
ful services; and in November, 1637, a 
grant of one thousand acres was made to 
each, " where it may not piudice any 
plantation granted nor any plantation to be 
granted w"' out limiting to time of impv'." 



...J 



During the early years of the colony, all 
was not harmony in domestic circles. A 
severe controversy sprang up between 
Governor Winthrop and Deputy-Gov- 
ernor Dudley. The impulsive nature of 
the latter had been severely aroused by the 
former's decision to re-locate his house ; 
personal matters were allowed to influence 
public acts, and this family quarrel (the 
first recorded in Massachusetts) caused a 
good deal of trouble for others. 

These eminent men were more in- 
timately associated than through their 
official positions, — their children had 
united the families by marriage. But 
the " root of bitterness " was not cast 
aside until they located their farms, when 
the effect of their unfriendly relations 
upon the community seemed to dawn 
more clearly upon them. The record in 



328 



GOVERNOR nE\TJIROrS FARM. 




A^^./^r/... 



Job Lane's House. 



Winthrop's Journal, under date of April 
24, 1638, is as follows : 

" The governour and deputy went to Concord to 
view some land for farms, and, going down the 
river aijout four miles, they made choice of a 
place for one thousand acres for each of them. 
They offered each other the first choice, but 
because the deputy's was first granted, and himself 
had store of land already, the governour yielded 
him the choice. So, at the place where the dep- 
uty's land was to begin, there were two great 
stones, which they called the Two Brothers, in 
remembrance that they were brothers by their 
children's marriage, and did so brotherly agree, 
and for that a little creek near those stones was 
to part their lands." 

The " two great stones," which are 
represented in the illustration, stand not 
only as the boundary of their farms, but 




Road dividing the Winthrop Farm. 



are a m o n u- 
ment of the rec- 
onciliation 
there reached 
between the 
founder of 
Massachusetts 
and of Boston, 
and his associ- 
ate in power, 
as well as between brothers through the 
marriage of children. 

In point of fruitful suggestion for the 
artist, the locating of these farms comes 
close upon the landing at Plymouth. The 
eminent governor, dressed in short 
clothes, cloak, and ruff, with but one 
companion, and he an unfriendly brother, 
travels out on foot through the wilderness 
to the young settlement at Concord ; and 
there on the bank of the river destined 
to be the scene of an opening revolution, 
the two embark in a boat — doubtless an 
Indian canoe. They paddle along with 
the sluggish current, rounding the many 
curves, until within sight of two boulders, 
which must have been lodged there dur- 
ing the glacial period, they moor their 
bark, select their farms, and become 
friends and brothers indeed. 

Four months after this memorable 
visit, the court added two hundred acres 
to the governor's farm, 
and still later an addi- 
tion of sixty acres was 
made. The governor, in 
f'p'^^C/ common with others, had 

" '^ "~ a preference for low 

grass land, and this final 
enlargement was to con- 
sist of a tract of meadow 
to the eastward of his 
first selection. 

Whoever paddles up 
and down the Concord 
River, where its waters 
touch the western border 
of the town of Bedford, 
cannot fail to see the 
ground on which Win- 
throp stood, in very 
much the same condition 
in which the governor left 
it two centuries and a 
half ago. The "Two 



GOVERN OS. WINTIIROrS FARM. 



329 



Brothers " still stand out alone and 
above all other stones, as conspicuous as 
is the record of the founder of Massachu- 
setts Bay Colony, among the records of 
his successors in office. New England 
presents few memorials, unadorned by 
the hand of man, that can be compared 
with these boulders, as regards the events 
which they commemorate. 

The southern boundary of Winthrop's 
farm was "Concord old line," one side 
of the " six mile square " which Rev. 
Peter Bulkley and his associates pur- 



# 'Km 




Iw 1 li 



j'ltr 



ment, written on vellum, and reads as 
follows : 

"This Indenture made the Second Day of 
August in the Year of our Lord one thousand Six 
Hundred Sixty and Four, in the Sixteenth Year of 
the Reigne of our Sovereign Lord Charles the 
Second by the Grace of God over England, Scot- 
land, France, and Ireland King and defender of 
the faith to wit. Between Fitz John Winthrop of 
New London, in the colony of Connecticut in 
New England, Esquire, on the one part and Job 
Lane of Maiden in the County of Middlesex in 
New England, builder, on the other part — wit- 
nesseth that the said Fitz John Winthrop for and 
in consideration of the sum of two hundred and 
thirty-two pounds, cur- 
__ . rant money in New 

~' - ' " England, by the value 

thereof in cattle and 
other currant pay of New 
England, to him in hand 
before the sealing and 
delivery thereof well and 
truly paid by the above- 
named, Job Lane, where- 
of and wherewith the 
said Fitz John Win- 
throp doth acknowledge 
himself to be fully satis- 
^ fied and contented, and 

^. will be thus," etc. 

The seal, a very 
unique appendage, 




The First Meeting House. 

chased of the Indians. The 
northern boundary was the 
" little creek " running from 
inland to the river. 

It is not probable that 
Winthrop ever again visited his 
farm, although he enjoyed the 
satisfaction of the possession. 
The duties incident upon the 
growth of the rapidly increas- 
ing company of immigrants, 
during the remaining eleven 
years of his life, absorbed all 
of his time and strength. The 
farm remained in its natural 
condition, and in the family 
possession, fifteen years after 
the death of the eminent gov- 
ernor, when it was sold by 
his eldest son, Fitz John, the governor 
of Connecticut, to Job Lane of Maiden. 
The deed of conveyance is still in 
possession of the descendants of the 
purchaser. It is a well-executed instru- 



^■J^^r'^ 




bears the impression of the family signet. 
Job Lane paid for the farm by building 
a house for Fitz John Winthrop, at New 
London, Connecticut. He erected a 
dwelling upon the eastern side of the 



330 



GOVERNOR WINTHROP'S FARM. 



farm, and this is thought to be now stand- 
ing and occupied as a family residence. 
It was used as a garrison during the time 



matters into her own hands, she soon 
proved the truth of her impression. 

The W'inlhrup Farm remained intact 




Mill on the Shawshine. 



of King Philip's war. 1 )uring later In- 
dian troubles, it was the fort from which 
Mary, daughter of Col. John Lane, fired at 
and killed a lurking red man. She had 
vainly tried to convince the guard of the 
approaching enemy, and having taken 




Alice Stearns. 

FROM AN OLD PAINTING. 



until the death of Job Lane, in 1697, 
when it was divided among his heirs. It 
was then surveyed for the first time 
and found to contain fifteen hundred 
acres. 

The governor, having no means of 
measurement, made sure to include within 
his bounds the full amount granted to 
him. As the deed above quoted, in part, 
included twelve hundred and sixty acres, 
" more or less," the heirs of Job Lane 
were the first to realize the full extent of 
the farm. The oldest son received one 
half — a double portion — according to 
the laws then in force, and the remaining 
half was divided between the heirs of two 
deceased daughters of Job Lane. ( )n 
the former half the Lanes have lived 
and flourished, and the eighth generation 
now occupies a portion. One fourth of 
the farm — a daughter's share — was 
occupied by Samuel Fitch, grandson of 
the purchaser, and was the birthplace 
of several sons who became eminent men 
in the colony. 

The Winthrop Farm became a part of 
the town of Bedford through the act of 
incorporation of September, 1729, but as 
the creek referred to was taken as the 
northern boundary of the new town, only 
one of the boulders was included. An 
addition was made in 1766, which brought 
the dividincT line farther to the northward 



GOVERNOR WINTHROrS FARM. 



;};^1 



and secured to the town the enduring 
companion. 

The first road laid out from Billerica 
to Concord, in 1660, crossed the Win- 
throp form. That was soon followed by 
" trodden paths," and latterly the " country 
roads " and public highways, as the con- 
venience of the early settlers demanded. 
In the closing years of the eighteenth 
century, the people cut a way through 
the forest, bridged Concord River, and 
made one of the most attractive high- 
ways of that locality. The gracefully 



ford ; and the worm-eaten timbers may 
be seen in the second house of worship. 
Who it was that dropped his axe at the 
imploring word, " Woodman, spare that 
tree," we cannot tell ; but robbed of all 
its companions it stands a living monu- 
ment of many transactions since John 
Winthrop selected his fartn. In the vi- 
cinity of this tree, the " minute men " 
of the town were marshalled in the morn- 
ing twilight of April 19, 1775; and at 
the tavern near by, kept by Jeremiah 
Fitch, the young soldiers who had left 




Chestnut Avenue, Pickman House. 



curving roads across the farm, suggest 
the paths naturally marked out by the 
early settlers in going from one house to 
another. Much produce of these well- 
tilled acres is now marketed in the great 
city founded by John Winthrop. 

On the extreme southeastern border 
of the Winthrop farm is a mammoth 
oak tree, which must have burst the shell 
of the acorn about the time of the mem- 
orable visit of the governor. Many of 
its companions were sacrificed by the 
pioneers, to build the strong frame of the 
first meeting-house in the town of Bed- 



their homes at the midnight alarm were 
given refreshment, before starting for Con- 
cord. The words of their brave captain 
Jonathan Willson, on leaving the tavern, 
were, " This is a cold breakfast, boys, 
but we'll give the British a hot dinner ; 
we'll have every dog of them before 
night." Encouraged by the hopeful 
words of their captain, they hastened on 
to the protection of the mother town. 

This company and that of the militia 
of the town numbered seventy-seven men, 
who were in the engagement at the old 
North Bridge, and were foremost in the 



332 



GOVERNOR WTNTTJROP'S FARM. 



chase across the " (ireat Fields" to in- 
tercept the retreating enemy at Merriam's 
Corner. Captain \\illson was killed by 
a British bullet, while cheering on his men 
near the Lincoln Line. Job Lane, a 
private of the company, was wounded in 
the same engagement. The only monu- 
ment ever ere(!ted to the memory of this 
gallant man is an ancient slate stone, 
which stands at the head of the grave 
where his family and comrades laid him 
on the day following his death. It is in 
the Old Burial (Ground of the town. 
The motto in Latin on this rude monu- 
ment is in sentiment the same as that on 
the flag or banner which was carried at 
the head of the Bedford company. This 
flag was carried by Nathaniel Page. 

As the Minute Men had been hastily 
organized, their officers were not com- 
missioned as were those in command of 
the Company of Militia ; they had no 




Old Clock, Bedford Church. 



wars. After the scenes of that memor- 
able day it was returned to the Page 
regularly adopted standard, and Na- house, and there kept until the 19th of 
thaniel Page took the old flag that had April, 1875, when it was carried by a 
been carried by his ancestors in former delegation of Bedford citizens in the 

procession at the centennial 
celebration at Concord. Ten 
years later, Oct. 19, 1885 
(the one hundred and fourth 
anniversary of the surrender 
of Cornwallis), it was pre- 
sented by Capt. Cyrus Page 
to the town of Bedford. It 
was thus brought to the at- 
tention of the Massachusetts 
Historical Society, and the 
following report was made : 

" It was originally designed in 
Englaml, in 1660-70, for the three- 
county troops of Massachusetts, 
and became one of the accepted 
standards of the organized militia 
of this state, and as such it was 
used by the Bedford company." 

Mr. Appleton said that, in 
his opinion, " this flag far ex- 
ceeds in historic value the 
famed flag of Eutaw and 
Pulaski's banner, and, in fact, 
is the most precious me- 
morial of its kind wc have 
any knowledge of." It is 
highly prized by the de- 
scendants of those who fought 
beneath its folds in the open- 
Bedford Church ing scene of the Revolution. 




— ^i'^'iy^j^-^ 



GOVERNOR IVINTHROrS FARM. 



333 



After the death of Captain Willson, the 
command of the company fell to Lieut. 
Edward Stearns, his brother-in-law, 
Lieutenant Stearns lived on the border of 
the Winthrop and Dudley Farms. His 
estate was included in that portion of 



colony. There was a farm of five hundred 
acres granted to Capt. Daniel Gookin, 
a valuable servant of the colony and a 
co-worker with the Apostle Eliot. One 
of the same extent granted to the Rev. 
Joseph Mitchell, a minister of Cambridge, 




Ji*^-^J/fir/'^ 






The Bacon Homestead. 



Billerica that was set off to Bedford in 
1766. 

When the report of the movements of 
the British soldiers reached the Stearns 
home, the father and oldest son — Solomon 
— made haste to the place of rendezvous 
at the centre, and there joined the com- 
pany. During their absence at Concord, 
other members of the family were busy in 
the preparation of supplies for the army. 
Three daughters, Rachel, Susanna, and 
Alice, aged sixteen, thirteen, and eleven 
respectively, were occupied in making 
cartridges. A portrait of the youngest 
of this trio of patriots is extant. It was 
painted in 1801, and our illustration is a 
copy of it. 

The site of the home of Lieutenant 
Stearns is that of the residence recently 
purchased by Dudley L. Pickman of Bos- 
ton. Mr. Pickman is a lineal descen- 
dant of Lieutenant-Governor Dudley, 
who, with Governor Winthrop, received 
the early grants of this territory. Chest- 
nut Avenue, leading to the residence and 
historic grounds, makes a most beautiful 
modern connection of these farms of 
colonial history. 

Besides the Winthrop Farm, there was 
included in the town of Bedford at the 
time of the incorporation, other lands 
that represent very early grants ; and the 
grantees were men of prominence in the 



was purchased by Michael Bacon in July, 
1682, for two hundred pounds. It was 
occupied by the Bacon family for several 
generations. The purchaser was of the 
third generation in this country, and was 
an occupant of the land, probably by 
lease, before he bought it of the widow of 
the grantee. He had a mill on Shawshine 
River, which crossed the farm, before 
King Philip's War. He was al- 
lowed, during that war, two sol- 
diers from the colony's forces to 
protect his 
mill. 

It is re- 
corded that 
the mill was 
burnt during 
the Indian 
outbreak. If 
so, it was soon 
rebuilt, and 
there has 
been a mill 
for the* ac- 
c o m m o d a - 
tion of the 
farmers ever since. The mill, nest- 
ling in the midst of the foliage 
and reflected in the shining water, 
makes a pleasing combination of 
what is rare both in history and in 
nature. 




334 



GOVERNOR WIXTHROrS FARM. 



It was the laiul in this vicinity, that 
has been already referred to as having 
been explored in 1636, with an eye to 
settlement. Not far from the mill was 
the Shawshine House, alluded to in a re- 




Rev. Samuel Stearns. 

port of 1642. It was first occupied as a 
trading post with the Indians. 

The house at the Bacon homestead is 
one of the most ancient dwellings of the 
town, seven generations of the family 
having been born here. Jonathan Bacon, 
a member of the fourth generation, was a 
leader in the work of incorporating the 
town. He was a prominent citizen of 
Billerica, appointed by the selectmen of 
that town in 1699, "to sell victuals and 
drink." He was in the Indian war in 
1706, was a representative to the General 
Court in 1726, and in 1729 was recorded 
as a " principal inhabitanc," and ordered 
by the Colonial C'ourt to assemble the 
peoplQ»and organize the town of Bedford. 

His nearest neighbor, half a mile away, 
was Nathaniel Page, who settled here in 
16S7. The Page house is another of the 
historic dwellings of the town. I^ight 
generations of the family and name have 
been identified with it, among them some 
brave warriors and prominent men of the 
town. .\ beautiful house in the colonial 



style of architecture has been recently 
built by the family, but the old mansion 
is still preserved. 

Among other private residences of the 
early days is that known as the Stearns 
Mansion. It was built, soon after the 
Revolution, for the third minister, Rev. 
Joseph Penniman. He was a very eccen- 
tric man. His peculiarities are per- 
petuated by various family traditions, and 
are also shown in the epita])hs on stones 
at the graves of two children in the 
burial ground where Capt. Jonathan 
Willson is buried : 

"Dec. 22, 1790. Hannah, daughter of Rev. 
Joseph Penniman and Hannah, his wife, aged 18 
yrs, 4 mos, 1 1 days. 

Ah ! now, no notice do you give 
Where you are and how you hvc ! 
What ! are you then bound by solemn fate. 
To keep the secret of your state? 
The alarming voice you will hear. 
When Christ, the Judge, shall appear. 
Hannah ! from the dark lonely vault. 
Certainly, soon and suddenly you'll come. 
When Jesus shall claim the treasure from the 
tomb." 



Molly aged 3 yrs, 6 mos. 



"August 21, 1778. 
and 3 days. 

Ah ! dear Polly, must your tender parents niuuni 
Their heavy loss, and bathe with tears your urn. 
Since now no more to us vou must return !" 




Hannah Reed. 
FHOM A SILHOUETTE OF 182O. 

When the peculiarities of Rev. Mr. 
Penniman became unbearable, his pastor- 



GOVERNOR WINTHROP'S FARM. 



335 



ate was brought to an 
end. He was suc- 
ceeded by Rev. Sam- 
uel Stearns, who pur- 
chased the house of 
the retiring pastor 
and there estabUshed 
his home. Rev. Sam- 
uel Stearns was of the 
sixth generation in 
the country, and from 
the same family as 
Lieutenant Edward 
Stearns, before re- 
ferred to. The name 
has been variously spelled, but the same 
coat of arms is claimed by the various 
branches of the descendants of Isaac, 
who came to this country in 1630, proba- 
bly with Gov. John Winthrop. 

The fourth minister of the town began 
his work in 1796, and remained in the 
pastoral office nearly forty years. He 
came to the town when the ecclesiastical 
and municipal affairs were in a somewhat 
chaotic state, and he was helpful in the 
introduction of reforms that have been 
continued to this day. The Stearns 
Homestead was the birthplace of Rev. 
Samuel H. Stearns, one of the pastors of 
the Old South Church in Boston, Rev. 
William A. Stearns, D. D., LL. D., late 
president of Amherst College, Rev. Jona- 
than F. Stearns, D. D., late pastor at 
Newark, N. J., Josiah A. Stearns, A. M., 





Sign ot David Reed's Tavern. 



Bedford House. 

Ph.D., a noted schoolmaster of Boston 
for forty years ; and Rev. Eben S. Stearns, 
D. D., LL. D., chancellor of the State 
University of Nashville, Tenn. All of 
these, with the exception of the last, were 
baptized in the first meeting house of the 
town. The second son, William Augus- 
tus, was baptized on the day of his birth, 
a cold Sabbath in March, 1805. The 
custom of performing this ceremony on 
the Sabbath immediately following the 
birth was rigidly adhered to by the pastor 
of the town. 

The bellows-top chaise in which Rev. 
Mr. Stearns made his parochial calls is 
still preserved at the old homestead. 

The house of worship known as the 
Old Parish Meeting House, was erected 
in 1 81 6. It has stood three-quarters 
of a century, with few changes exter- 
nally, but the inside has been refitted at 
different times in accord with the de- 
mands of the progressive age. The clock 
in the meeting house was given at the 
time of dedication, by Jeremiah Fitch, 
a native of the town, and a Boston mer- 
chant for whom Bedford Street in that 
city was named. The clock was made 
during the last war with England, and was 
naturally mounted with patriotic emblems. 
Here are represented the American eagle 
and the chain of states then comprising 
the Union. The town of Bedford has 
not been so fortunate as many towns in 
receiving gifts ; among those who have 



336 



G O VERNOR J I -JNTHR OP 'S FARM. 



been recorded as public benefectors is 
Hannali Reed. She gave a piece of land 
for a "public promenade or walk." 
Through the purchase of land beyond 
it for a Union schoolhouse, the full bene- 
fit of the gift is being realized by the 
youth of the town. 

The town has always been well sup- 
plied with inns. The Shawshine House 
was a tavern at the time of the incorpo- 
ration, kept by Benjamin Danforth, who 
was succeeded by Capt. John Webber, 
who came to Bedford about 1760. He 
was from Medford, and he became the 
founder of a large and influential family. 
Of the twelve children born at the old 
tavern, eleven survived their mother, who 
died at the age of thirty-eight years, and 
the aggregate age of the eleven was seven 
hundred and eighty-one years, making 
an average of seventy-one years. The 
eight sons lived to the average age of 
about seventy-six years. 



The Webber Cradle, brought with the 
immigrant to this country, has been used 
by the family in Bedford since 1690, and 
is a relic of interest. 

A tavern established by David Reed 
about 1790 was a noted hostelry during 
the years of stage coaches. The old sign 
is still in existence ; and the house, in 
which great questions were discussed, is 
now the beautiful residence of Elihu G. 
Loom is, a Boston lawyer. The old tav- 
ern at the centre of the town has been 
recently improved, supplied witli the 
modern conveniences and comforts, and 
is a ])leasant retreat for weary denizens 
of Boston. They find in old Bedford a 
town which has abolished the sale of 
intoxicating liquors, and has an enviable 
reputation for morality, and which is 
as healthful and beautiful to-day as 
it was when Winthrop and Dudley 
paddled down the river to locate their 
f::irms. 



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The Winthrop Oak. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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